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Saturday, May 28, 2011
Friday, November 13, 2009
OSTEOPOROSIS IN CHILDREN
What is it about?
Osteoporosis is a progressive decrease in bone density, which weakens the bones and makes them break more easily.
Who gets it?
Osteoporosis in children is a rare condition.
What causes it?
Osteoporosis in children can be caused by other medical conditions or the medications used to treat them. This is called secondary osteoporosis, and most often occurs with diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis (a skin condition), asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, hormonal disorders, and muscular dystrophy.
All of these conditions are treated with corticosteroids, which have been shown to cause a decrease in bone mass. These conditions may also limit a child's physical activity, which is essential in building bone mass. Secondary osteoporosis can also be caused by anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder. Some children have genetic disorders, which are present at birth, that prevent the bones from forming properly, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). When the cause of osteoporosis is unknown, it is called idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO).
What are the symptoms?
Children with osteoporosis may complain of an aching pain in their bones. Their bones break easily from a simple fall, called an atraumatic fracture. Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have bones that break very easily, with little or no trauma. Symptoms range from mild to severe, with some children suffering hundreds of fractures in their lifetime.
Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) occurs in seemingly healthy children between the ages of 8 and 14, just before puberty begins. Symptoms include atraumatic fractures, often in the lower limbs; pain from the lower back down to the ankles; and difficulty walking. IJO usually runs a course of two to four years, then goes away without any permanent disability or growth problems.
How is it diagnosed?
Osteoporosis in children is diagnosed through a combination of symptoms, a physical examination, and bone x-rays. Some screening methods used to measure bone density in adults can also be used in children, such as a technique called heel ultrasound. These types of techniques can be useful in monitoring bone density in children who are at risk for developing osteoporosis because of existing medical conditions.
What is the treatment?
Secondary osteoporosis is treated by effectively treating the underlying medical condition and monitoring the amount of medication given to treat the condition. Your doctor will make sure the smallest effective dose is prescribed, or that an alternative medication is used if possible. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) are treated by protecting the spine and other bones from fracture.
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
The best medicine for osteoporosis is prevention, and the time to act is during childhood. This is what you can you do for your child to optimize his or her peak bone mass:
• Make sure your child takes enough calcium and vitamin D, and keep your child active. A recent study showed that teenagers in the United States frequently have inadequate calcium intake, and their calcium intake is inversely correlated with soda pop intake—meaning that the more pop they drink, the less calcium they are likely to get! Current recommendations for calcium intake are shown in the accompanying table.
For teenagers, this translates into four servings from the low-fat dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt daily. Fortified soy milk is a nice choice for calcium because in the U.S. milk is supplemented with vitamin D, which helps the body utilize calcium.
• Other important sources of calcium include yogurt and cheese, sardines, canned salmon with bones, cabbage, leafy greens, all kinds of meat, and calcium-fortified foods, such as orange juice. Vitamin D is found in supplemented milk, but is also made by the body when skin is exposed to sunlight. Calcium supplements are available by prescription, but are also found in some antacids (for example, Tums and Rolaids). Ask your doctor if your child might benefit from calcium supplementation.
• If you have a strong family history of osteoporosis, or if your child is taking steroids, ask your doctor about the possibility of getting a DEXA scan done. Keep in mind, however, that one of the problems with childhood osteoporosis is that treatments have been geared towards adults. Treatment for osteoporosis in childhood has not been established and should be considered experimental.
There is more research needed on bone health in children and prevention or treatment of childhood osteoporosis. Until then, helping your child prevent osteoporosis with the steps outlined above is the best course of action.
Calcium Intake Recommendations by Age Group Age Group Calcium Goal (mg/day)
1-3 years 500
4-8 years 800
9-18 years 1,300
Pregnant 1,300
19-50 years 1,000
The health information supplied is intended to be a supplement to the care provided by your physician. It is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice
Osteoporosis is a progressive decrease in bone density, which weakens the bones and makes them break more easily.
Who gets it?
Osteoporosis in children is a rare condition.
What causes it?
Osteoporosis in children can be caused by other medical conditions or the medications used to treat them. This is called secondary osteoporosis, and most often occurs with diseases such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis (a skin condition), asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, hormonal disorders, and muscular dystrophy.
All of these conditions are treated with corticosteroids, which have been shown to cause a decrease in bone mass. These conditions may also limit a child's physical activity, which is essential in building bone mass. Secondary osteoporosis can also be caused by anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder. Some children have genetic disorders, which are present at birth, that prevent the bones from forming properly, such as osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). When the cause of osteoporosis is unknown, it is called idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO).
What are the symptoms?
Children with osteoporosis may complain of an aching pain in their bones. Their bones break easily from a simple fall, called an atraumatic fracture. Children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have bones that break very easily, with little or no trauma. Symptoms range from mild to severe, with some children suffering hundreds of fractures in their lifetime.
Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) occurs in seemingly healthy children between the ages of 8 and 14, just before puberty begins. Symptoms include atraumatic fractures, often in the lower limbs; pain from the lower back down to the ankles; and difficulty walking. IJO usually runs a course of two to four years, then goes away without any permanent disability or growth problems.
How is it diagnosed?
Osteoporosis in children is diagnosed through a combination of symptoms, a physical examination, and bone x-rays. Some screening methods used to measure bone density in adults can also be used in children, such as a technique called heel ultrasound. These types of techniques can be useful in monitoring bone density in children who are at risk for developing osteoporosis because of existing medical conditions.
What is the treatment?
Secondary osteoporosis is treated by effectively treating the underlying medical condition and monitoring the amount of medication given to treat the condition. Your doctor will make sure the smallest effective dose is prescribed, or that an alternative medication is used if possible. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) are treated by protecting the spine and other bones from fracture.
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
The best medicine for osteoporosis is prevention, and the time to act is during childhood. This is what you can you do for your child to optimize his or her peak bone mass:
• Make sure your child takes enough calcium and vitamin D, and keep your child active. A recent study showed that teenagers in the United States frequently have inadequate calcium intake, and their calcium intake is inversely correlated with soda pop intake—meaning that the more pop they drink, the less calcium they are likely to get! Current recommendations for calcium intake are shown in the accompanying table.
For teenagers, this translates into four servings from the low-fat dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt daily. Fortified soy milk is a nice choice for calcium because in the U.S. milk is supplemented with vitamin D, which helps the body utilize calcium.
• Other important sources of calcium include yogurt and cheese, sardines, canned salmon with bones, cabbage, leafy greens, all kinds of meat, and calcium-fortified foods, such as orange juice. Vitamin D is found in supplemented milk, but is also made by the body when skin is exposed to sunlight. Calcium supplements are available by prescription, but are also found in some antacids (for example, Tums and Rolaids). Ask your doctor if your child might benefit from calcium supplementation.
• If you have a strong family history of osteoporosis, or if your child is taking steroids, ask your doctor about the possibility of getting a DEXA scan done. Keep in mind, however, that one of the problems with childhood osteoporosis is that treatments have been geared towards adults. Treatment for osteoporosis in childhood has not been established and should be considered experimental.
There is more research needed on bone health in children and prevention or treatment of childhood osteoporosis. Until then, helping your child prevent osteoporosis with the steps outlined above is the best course of action.
Calcium Intake Recommendations by Age Group Age Group Calcium Goal (mg/day)
1-3 years 500
4-8 years 800
9-18 years 1,300
Pregnant 1,300
19-50 years 1,000
The health information supplied is intended to be a supplement to the care provided by your physician. It is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice
How To Manage Your Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure (BP) is a treatable condition but it can cause serious damage to your organs if left untreated.
If you have been recently diagnosed with high BP, you might be taking medication to bring the numbers down, lifestyle changes such as those listed below will help the effectiveness of your medications, and sometimes reduce the dose you require to control your Blood Pressure. Lifestyle changes are useful adjuncts to medications, and for those with a normal blood pressure, will help maintain a normal blood pressure over time. It is not advisable for you to stop your prescribed medications for lifestyle changes without the consent of your physician.
Shed the weight: Losing weight can help lower BP because BP tends to increase as weight increases. One way to achieve this is by watching what you eat and increasing your physical activity to help burn off more calories. You need a negative calorie balance, that is, burn more than you take in, to lose weight
Physical Activity and Exercise: Forty five minutes of moderate exercise such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, and so forth, three to four times a week will help improve your blood pressure and weight control.
Sleep Well: Good night sleep is important for maintaining good health. A good night sleep relaxes the body and lowers your stress levels. An additional 15 to 20 minutes nap during the day can be very refreshing. A minimum of six hours of sleep a night is recommended.
Avoid too much salt: High salt intake increases the likelihood of developing high blood pressure in predisposed individuals. It is important to keep your salt intake low. This is achieved by avoiding adding salt to food on the table. Fast foods and canned foods such as corned beef, sardine, and many food seasonings like Maggi, also contain lots of salt and should be consumed sparingly.
Limit alcohol consumption: Moderation of alcohol intake is helpful to keep blood pressure and body weight under control. Excessive alcohol intake is injurious to health. Excess alcohol refers to more than one drink a day for women and more than two for men. Note that “A drink” is one can of beer, or one glass of wine or equivalent.
If you have been recently diagnosed with high BP, you might be taking medication to bring the numbers down, lifestyle changes such as those listed below will help the effectiveness of your medications, and sometimes reduce the dose you require to control your Blood Pressure. Lifestyle changes are useful adjuncts to medications, and for those with a normal blood pressure, will help maintain a normal blood pressure over time. It is not advisable for you to stop your prescribed medications for lifestyle changes without the consent of your physician.
Shed the weight: Losing weight can help lower BP because BP tends to increase as weight increases. One way to achieve this is by watching what you eat and increasing your physical activity to help burn off more calories. You need a negative calorie balance, that is, burn more than you take in, to lose weight
Physical Activity and Exercise: Forty five minutes of moderate exercise such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, and so forth, three to four times a week will help improve your blood pressure and weight control.
Sleep Well: Good night sleep is important for maintaining good health. A good night sleep relaxes the body and lowers your stress levels. An additional 15 to 20 minutes nap during the day can be very refreshing. A minimum of six hours of sleep a night is recommended.
Avoid too much salt: High salt intake increases the likelihood of developing high blood pressure in predisposed individuals. It is important to keep your salt intake low. This is achieved by avoiding adding salt to food on the table. Fast foods and canned foods such as corned beef, sardine, and many food seasonings like Maggi, also contain lots of salt and should be consumed sparingly.
Limit alcohol consumption: Moderation of alcohol intake is helpful to keep blood pressure and body weight under control. Excessive alcohol intake is injurious to health. Excess alcohol refers to more than one drink a day for women and more than two for men. Note that “A drink” is one can of beer, or one glass of wine or equivalent.
Wednesday, October 21, 2009
HEALTH & DIET :SKIN CARE
The beauty of your skin is determined by how well you take of it, the attention you pay to it and ultimately your lifestyle and level of hygiene.
The skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans it is the largest organ of the body and because it comes in contact more with the environment, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. The skin helps the body also to synthesize vitamin D, regulate body temperature.
Since our skin is the outer coating of the body, Skin care should be an essential part of our daily routine because the function of the skin is disturbed when it is dirty; it becomes easily damaged and prone to infection. Hence the need therefore to give adequate care and attention to the skin. A beautiful skin makes a whole lot of difference in one's appearance; good poise, carriage and body features are not complete without a good skin. A healthy glowing complexion is the most important attribute of a natural beauty.
Before delving in skin care routines proper, it is essential to note however, that skin type varies, and this most times could be as a result of climate changes, genetics, state of health, diet and environmental factors. Thus the routine care differs according to skin type. It better to know which category your skin belongs so as to avoid further aggravation and damage to the skin.
SKIN TYPES AND CARE REGIME
Dry Skin
Dry skin has a thin layer texture and looks dry and flaky on the surface, it is caused by inadequate production of oil (sebum) by the body. This type of skin requires more care, and the best way to care for it is to moisturize it always with body and facial creams specially formulated for dry skin both at night and during the day. The effect of this skin type is usually felt during the dry season (especially the harmattan season) due to dehydration thus making the skin appear older and flaky. So it’s best to use a creamy cleanser for the face as well as moisturizing creams containing vitamin E and Shea butter for the body, rather than gel lotions. It is advisable to take lots of water to help hydrate the skin since the body produces less sebum than what is required. However one of the advantages associated with this skin type is that it is hardly susceptible outbreaks of acne and pimples.
Normal Skin
This type of skin texture is the best- it is the ideal kind of skin because it has a balanced production of sebum. It is never too dry or oily. Normal skin requires less attention than other skin types, however that is not a reason to neglect normal routine care for the skin. It also requires normal cleansing; toning and moisturizing- facial mask should be used at least fortnightly to exfoliate the skin and keep it looking fresh and healthy.
Oily Skin
Oily skin is caused as a result of excessive production of a substance called sebum by the sebaceous glands in the skin. Sebum is a naturally healthy skin lubricant-oily skin is identified by the shiny outlook of the skin large and clearly visible pores everywhere expect around the eyes, it is susceptible to clogged pores, blackhead and build up of dead skin cells on the skin surface.
One of the ways to control the excess oil particularly around the face is to clean up the skin with natural face cleanser formulated especially oily skin. Gel cleansers and rose water are the best for this kind of skin type however a light moisturizer should be used as well to counter any drying effects from the cleanser. Use a toning lotion that contains a PH of 4 to 5.5 to help balance and hydrate the skin as well. Avoid as much as possible the use of soap on the face it is not good for the skin. Stay away from foods containing saturated fats and use skin products that contain very little natural oils, so as not to aggravate the oily condition of the skin.
The positive aspect of this skin type is that it is not prone to wrinkling and other signs of aging because the oil helps to keep needed moisture locked into the skin making the skin look young and fresh.
Combination Skin
This type of skin is both dry and oily at the same time. it is usually found around some parts of the face also known as the T-Zone area in which the chin, nose and the fore head is oily while other parts of the skin is dry. Caring for this type of skin requires the use of a mild cleanser. One of the best ways to care for this type of skin texture is to spread the oil from the t-zone to other parts of the face particularly in the mornings, then cleanse with a mild astringent. It is advised that individuals who fall into this category should see a dermatologist for proper recommendation on the best product to use.
Having listed the various skin types, it is necessary to add that individuals these days especially females are becoming increasingly aware of their looks- thus go all the way out to look beautify their skin and improve their looks through exercise, diet and use of cosmetics. The fact still remains that there are basic routine and beauty to follow to help maintain and care for the skin regardless of the skin type, environment or genetic factors. Some of these include;
1. Keeping the skin clean and this can be achieve by bathing everyday at
least twice a day. Cleaning the skin does not involve facial cleansing only-
so invest in a good body wash depending on the skin type and climate
condition. Where the climate is humid its best to use medicated soap
because of the sweat from the body.
2. Toning is another way to care for the skin, toning makes the skin look young,
tight and supple, keeps the skin pore size small. Should be used after the skin
has been cleansed.
3. Beauty care starts with the skin, however what goes in to the body also
affects the skin on the outside. It essential to mind of what we put inside our
bodies. Eating raw fruits and vegetables and foods rich in Fluorine helps to
combat scaly skin which is a result of Fluorine deficiency in the body.
4. It has been found out that cucumbers are ideal for combating and
preventing sodium deficiency which makes the skin sticky and wrinkle
faster.
5. Since what you eat affects your skin either negatively or positively, it is
advisable to avoid refined sugar.
6. Skin rash is also another result of silicon deficiency, Tomatoes and spinach
helps to combat this as well.
7. Finally, another basic skin care method is moisturizing the skin with a good
moisturizer according to the skin type. For the oily skin, water based
moisturizer are the best. While oil and cream based moisturizer are required
for dry skin type.
Cosmetics should be used carefully on the skin to avoid allergic reactions. Sunlight, water and air help to keep the skin healthy.
Let’s not leave out our hands, this part of the skin faces a lot of physical pressures, like being constantly dipped in hard water and chemically laden detergents and soaps and this causes skin irritation and dryness.
A gentle oil based hand cream will keep the skin there soft and protected.
Lots of water and green tea helps to detoxify the body. Apply sun blog or protection before going out
The skin is the outer covering of the body. In humans it is the largest organ of the body and because it comes in contact more with the environment, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. The skin helps the body also to synthesize vitamin D, regulate body temperature.
Since our skin is the outer coating of the body, Skin care should be an essential part of our daily routine because the function of the skin is disturbed when it is dirty; it becomes easily damaged and prone to infection. Hence the need therefore to give adequate care and attention to the skin. A beautiful skin makes a whole lot of difference in one's appearance; good poise, carriage and body features are not complete without a good skin. A healthy glowing complexion is the most important attribute of a natural beauty.
Before delving in skin care routines proper, it is essential to note however, that skin type varies, and this most times could be as a result of climate changes, genetics, state of health, diet and environmental factors. Thus the routine care differs according to skin type. It better to know which category your skin belongs so as to avoid further aggravation and damage to the skin.
SKIN TYPES AND CARE REGIME
Dry Skin
Dry skin has a thin layer texture and looks dry and flaky on the surface, it is caused by inadequate production of oil (sebum) by the body. This type of skin requires more care, and the best way to care for it is to moisturize it always with body and facial creams specially formulated for dry skin both at night and during the day. The effect of this skin type is usually felt during the dry season (especially the harmattan season) due to dehydration thus making the skin appear older and flaky. So it’s best to use a creamy cleanser for the face as well as moisturizing creams containing vitamin E and Shea butter for the body, rather than gel lotions. It is advisable to take lots of water to help hydrate the skin since the body produces less sebum than what is required. However one of the advantages associated with this skin type is that it is hardly susceptible outbreaks of acne and pimples.
Normal Skin
This type of skin texture is the best- it is the ideal kind of skin because it has a balanced production of sebum. It is never too dry or oily. Normal skin requires less attention than other skin types, however that is not a reason to neglect normal routine care for the skin. It also requires normal cleansing; toning and moisturizing- facial mask should be used at least fortnightly to exfoliate the skin and keep it looking fresh and healthy.
Oily Skin
Oily skin is caused as a result of excessive production of a substance called sebum by the sebaceous glands in the skin. Sebum is a naturally healthy skin lubricant-oily skin is identified by the shiny outlook of the skin large and clearly visible pores everywhere expect around the eyes, it is susceptible to clogged pores, blackhead and build up of dead skin cells on the skin surface.
One of the ways to control the excess oil particularly around the face is to clean up the skin with natural face cleanser formulated especially oily skin. Gel cleansers and rose water are the best for this kind of skin type however a light moisturizer should be used as well to counter any drying effects from the cleanser. Use a toning lotion that contains a PH of 4 to 5.5 to help balance and hydrate the skin as well. Avoid as much as possible the use of soap on the face it is not good for the skin. Stay away from foods containing saturated fats and use skin products that contain very little natural oils, so as not to aggravate the oily condition of the skin.
The positive aspect of this skin type is that it is not prone to wrinkling and other signs of aging because the oil helps to keep needed moisture locked into the skin making the skin look young and fresh.
Combination Skin
This type of skin is both dry and oily at the same time. it is usually found around some parts of the face also known as the T-Zone area in which the chin, nose and the fore head is oily while other parts of the skin is dry. Caring for this type of skin requires the use of a mild cleanser. One of the best ways to care for this type of skin texture is to spread the oil from the t-zone to other parts of the face particularly in the mornings, then cleanse with a mild astringent. It is advised that individuals who fall into this category should see a dermatologist for proper recommendation on the best product to use.
Having listed the various skin types, it is necessary to add that individuals these days especially females are becoming increasingly aware of their looks- thus go all the way out to look beautify their skin and improve their looks through exercise, diet and use of cosmetics. The fact still remains that there are basic routine and beauty to follow to help maintain and care for the skin regardless of the skin type, environment or genetic factors. Some of these include;
1. Keeping the skin clean and this can be achieve by bathing everyday at
least twice a day. Cleaning the skin does not involve facial cleansing only-
so invest in a good body wash depending on the skin type and climate
condition. Where the climate is humid its best to use medicated soap
because of the sweat from the body.
2. Toning is another way to care for the skin, toning makes the skin look young,
tight and supple, keeps the skin pore size small. Should be used after the skin
has been cleansed.
3. Beauty care starts with the skin, however what goes in to the body also
affects the skin on the outside. It essential to mind of what we put inside our
bodies. Eating raw fruits and vegetables and foods rich in Fluorine helps to
combat scaly skin which is a result of Fluorine deficiency in the body.
4. It has been found out that cucumbers are ideal for combating and
preventing sodium deficiency which makes the skin sticky and wrinkle
faster.
5. Since what you eat affects your skin either negatively or positively, it is
advisable to avoid refined sugar.
6. Skin rash is also another result of silicon deficiency, Tomatoes and spinach
helps to combat this as well.
7. Finally, another basic skin care method is moisturizing the skin with a good
moisturizer according to the skin type. For the oily skin, water based
moisturizer are the best. While oil and cream based moisturizer are required
for dry skin type.
Cosmetics should be used carefully on the skin to avoid allergic reactions. Sunlight, water and air help to keep the skin healthy.
Let’s not leave out our hands, this part of the skin faces a lot of physical pressures, like being constantly dipped in hard water and chemically laden detergents and soaps and this causes skin irritation and dryness.
A gentle oil based hand cream will keep the skin there soft and protected.
Lots of water and green tea helps to detoxify the body. Apply sun blog or protection before going out
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Researchers Affirm Power of Bitter Kola in Respiratory Diseases
Used as folklore remedies for the treatment of ailments such as liver disorders, hepatitis, diarrhoea, laryngitis, bronchitis and gonorrhoea, BEN UKWUOMA writes on the promising use of Bitter kola in the management of respiratory problems.
NIGERIAN researchers have described as promising the use of Bitter kola in the management of respiratory problems, particularly asthma, raising hopes of a possible formulation of the extracts or active constituents as medicines.
Though there are various orthodox drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases in the country, the search for cost effective local herbal remedies have always excited researchers.
In fact, the seeds of Bitter kola also called Garcinia kola (GK) which forms a major part of the herbal preparation used in traditional African medicine practice for the treatment of various respiratory tract diseases, including asthma have attracted scientific scrutiny in the last decade.
In a report published recently in The Internet Journal of Pulmonary Medicine. 2009:Volume 11 Number 1, the researchers: A.K. Okojie ,I. Ebomoyi,C.N. Ekhator,O. Emeri,J. Okosun, G. Onyesu, O. Uhuonrenren, and J. Atima from the Department of Physiology, University of Benin and Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma,in a holistic review decided to find out the physiological mechanism(s) underlying the use of GK for the treatment of asthma. Specifically they were interested in finding out the function(s) of its phytochemical contents and how they are beneficial in the treatment of asthma.
At the end, they said:"Garcinia kola appears to be very promising in the treatment and management of asthma, Our review showed that xanthone and flavonoid, which are its major phytochemical contents inhibit calcium influx and histamine release stimulated by IgE dependent ligands respectively."
Used in folklore remedies for the treatment of ailment such as liver disorders, hepatitis, diarrhea, laryngitis, bronchitis and gonorrhoea, Garcinia kola belongs to the family Guittiferae and it is commonly called Orogbo in Yoruba language and Aki ilu in Igbo while the English name is bitter kola. Although valued because of its edible nut, the plant exhibits very potent pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-oxidant property of GK is attributed to its very high content of ascorbic acid.
The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological. In immunologic model, asthma is a disease mediated by reaginic (IgE) antibodies bound to mast cells in the airway mucosa. On reexposure to an antigen, antigen-antibody interaction on the surface of mast cells triggers both the release of mediators stored in the cells granules and the synthesis and release of other mediators. The agents responsible for the early reaction mediating bronchoconstriction including histamine, tryptase and other neural proteases, leukotrienes C4 and D4, and prostaglandin causes muscle contraction and vascular leakage. The mechanisms underlying bronchial reactivity, such as ozone exposure, allergen inhalation, and infection with respiratory viruses also cause airway inflammation. In humans, the increase in bronchial reactivity induced by ozone is associated with an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes found in fluid obtained by bronchial lavage or from bronchial mucosa biopsies. The increase in reactivity due to allergen inhalation is associated with an increase in both eosinophils and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchial lavage fluid. Whatever the mechanisms responsible for bronchial hyperreactivity, bronchoconstriction itself seems to result not simply from the direct effect of the released mediators but also from their activation of neural or humoral pathways.
The researchers reviewed actions of all the major phytochemical component particularly Xanthone, Flavonoids and phenol. They confirmed that Xanthone potentiates its anti-asthmatic activity by dependently inhibiting the Ca2+ influx induced by either noreprinephrine or high K+, suggesting that xanthone might act as a blocker of both receptor-operated and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
Furthermore, they review reported that xanthone causes increase in the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) but not cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) content. They reported that xanthone showed inhibitory effects on cAMP phosphodiesterase. Intracellular levels of cAMP can be increased by _-adrenoceptor agonist, which increase the rate of its synthesis by adenyl cyclase (AC) or by phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors such as xanthone, which slow the rate of its degradation.
On Flavonoids, the report stated it works by inhibiting platelet-activating factor (PAF), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phosphodiesterase (PDE).
Flavonoids protect against allergies, inflammation, free radicals and platelet aggregation. These observations support the importance of Gk in traditional medicine for the treatment of various conditions.
Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit a predilection to inhibit histamine release stimulated by IgE-dependent ligands Copper a transitional metal; most effectively block the inhibitory activity of flavonoids, possibly through a chelation mechanism. Zinc deficiencies can lead to excess copper levels, since zinc and copper compete for absorption. Also, a high intake of vitamin C and zinc decrease the absorption of copper.
Intake of Gk will therefore reduce the inhibition of antihistamine activity of flavonoids by copper which is as a result of its high content of vitamin C and zinc. Some studies noted that naturally occurring plant flavonoids affect a variety of cell activation phenomena including the secretion of histamine from human basophils. They also showed that flavonoids inhibit the degranulation of mast cells. Degranulation of mast cells would release not only histamine, but all the mediators of the allergy response.
The review reported that flavonoids exhibited anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties induced by acetylcholine, histamine, noradrenaline and barium chloride in four different smooth muscles. In addition, flavonoids are said to inhibit antigen-induced release of histamine from mast cells, basophils and also inhibit contractions induced by histamine, acetylcholine and PGEÂÂÂ2. It was noted that this effect was concentration dependent.
Flavonoids are said to inhibit phospholipids metabolism and 5- lipoxygenase (5-LO). Leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid through 5-LO and the nucleophilic attack to produce peptidoleukotrienes. These 5-LO products mediate constriction of airway smooth muscles, leukocyte chemotaxis and vascular permeability . Therefore inhibiting 5-LO can attenuate leukotriene production.
The presence of phenol in GK further indicated that it could act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune enhancers. Phenols have been responsible in having the ability to block specific enzymes that cause inflammation. They also modify the prostaglandin pathways and thereby protect platelet from clumping.
From this review, the following could be the underlying physiological mechanisms by which Garcinia kola may be beneficial in the treatment of asthma:
Inhibition of Ca2+ influx by acting as a blocker of both receptor-operated and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting the effects of phosphodiesterase.
Inhibition of histamine release stimulated by IgE dependent ligands. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor and platelet aggregation. Its high vitamin C and zinc content. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, thereby attenuating leukotriene production.
"Garcinia kola appears to be very promising in the treatment and management of asthma. There is therefore the need to further examine its various phytochemical contents on respiratory smooth muscle, with a view to possibly formulating its extracts or active constituents as medicines.".
Phytochemistry of Gk has shown its content to include benxophenones, xanthones, biflavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and saponins.
It is usually found in the tropical rain forest region of West Africa. It prevails as a multi-purpose tree crop in the home gardens of southern Nigeria. It grows to a height of about 12 - 14m and produces reddish, yellowish or orange coloured fruit. Each fruit contains 2 to 4 yellow seeds and a sour tasting pulp. The seeds when chewed have a bitter astringent taste. The flowering of the plant occurs between December and January while the fruits mature between June and August.
Garcinia kola is highly valued because of its medicinal use. The seeds are chewed as an aphrodisiac or used to cure cough, dysentery, chest colds in herbal medicine.
The plant has also found usefulness in the treatment of stomach ache and gastritis. In fact, Professor Maurice Iwu, the chairman of INEC in a study carried out at the University of Nigeria Nsukka reported the use of the plant for the treatment of jaundice, high fever, and as purgative.
Some researchers have also reported that the administration of Gk seed extract caused an increase in testosterone production in Sprague-Dawley rates which is thought to be due to its antioxidant properties. Also, studies have confirmed the spermatogenic and tissue enhancing effect of GK extract in male Wistar rats.
They showed that Gk extract exhibits a dilatory effect on the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli thereby improves respiratory activities, which may be due to its antioxidant properties in Swiss albino mice.
Gk has been shown to inhibit smooth muscle activity. It relaxes the smooth muscles of the uterus and the intestine. Although, Gk lacks caffeine, its alkaloid and biflavonoids fractions are said to relax the smooth muscles. Gk has a bronchodilatory effect.
The seeds are used in the treatment of bronchitis and throat infections. They are also used to prevent and relieve colic, cure head or chest colds and relieve cough. Also, the plant is used for the treatment of liver disorders and as a chewing stick.
Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds, as plant derived medicines have made large contributions to human health and well being. The seeds of Garcinia kola (Gk) forms a major part of the herbal preparation used in traditional African medicine practice for the treatment of various respiratory tract diseases including asthma.
Asthma is a very common chronic disease involving the respiration system. Episodic or chronic wheezing, cough, and feeling of tightness in the chest as a result of bronchoconstriction characterize it. The fundamental cause is still unknown despite intensive research. However, three abnormalities are present: airway obstruction that is at least partially reversible, airway inflammation, and airway hyper responsiveness to a variety of stimuli. A link to allergy has long been recognized, and plasma IgE levels are often elevated.
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.
The disease is caused by a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors that researchers do not yet fully understand.
Environmental tobacco smoke, especially maternal cigarette smoking, is associated with high risk of asthma prevalence and asthma morbidity, wheeze, and respiratory infections.
NIGERIAN researchers have described as promising the use of Bitter kola in the management of respiratory problems, particularly asthma, raising hopes of a possible formulation of the extracts or active constituents as medicines.
Though there are various orthodox drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases in the country, the search for cost effective local herbal remedies have always excited researchers.
In fact, the seeds of Bitter kola also called Garcinia kola (GK) which forms a major part of the herbal preparation used in traditional African medicine practice for the treatment of various respiratory tract diseases, including asthma have attracted scientific scrutiny in the last decade.
In a report published recently in The Internet Journal of Pulmonary Medicine. 2009:Volume 11 Number 1, the researchers: A.K. Okojie ,I. Ebomoyi,C.N. Ekhator,O. Emeri,J. Okosun, G. Onyesu, O. Uhuonrenren, and J. Atima from the Department of Physiology, University of Benin and Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma,in a holistic review decided to find out the physiological mechanism(s) underlying the use of GK for the treatment of asthma. Specifically they were interested in finding out the function(s) of its phytochemical contents and how they are beneficial in the treatment of asthma.
At the end, they said:"Garcinia kola appears to be very promising in the treatment and management of asthma, Our review showed that xanthone and flavonoid, which are its major phytochemical contents inhibit calcium influx and histamine release stimulated by IgE dependent ligands respectively."
Used in folklore remedies for the treatment of ailment such as liver disorders, hepatitis, diarrhea, laryngitis, bronchitis and gonorrhoea, Garcinia kola belongs to the family Guittiferae and it is commonly called Orogbo in Yoruba language and Aki ilu in Igbo while the English name is bitter kola. Although valued because of its edible nut, the plant exhibits very potent pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. The anti-oxidant property of GK is attributed to its very high content of ascorbic acid.
The fundamental problem in asthma appears to be immunological. In immunologic model, asthma is a disease mediated by reaginic (IgE) antibodies bound to mast cells in the airway mucosa. On reexposure to an antigen, antigen-antibody interaction on the surface of mast cells triggers both the release of mediators stored in the cells granules and the synthesis and release of other mediators. The agents responsible for the early reaction mediating bronchoconstriction including histamine, tryptase and other neural proteases, leukotrienes C4 and D4, and prostaglandin causes muscle contraction and vascular leakage. The mechanisms underlying bronchial reactivity, such as ozone exposure, allergen inhalation, and infection with respiratory viruses also cause airway inflammation. In humans, the increase in bronchial reactivity induced by ozone is associated with an increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes found in fluid obtained by bronchial lavage or from bronchial mucosa biopsies. The increase in reactivity due to allergen inhalation is associated with an increase in both eosinophils and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in bronchial lavage fluid. Whatever the mechanisms responsible for bronchial hyperreactivity, bronchoconstriction itself seems to result not simply from the direct effect of the released mediators but also from their activation of neural or humoral pathways.
The researchers reviewed actions of all the major phytochemical component particularly Xanthone, Flavonoids and phenol. They confirmed that Xanthone potentiates its anti-asthmatic activity by dependently inhibiting the Ca2+ influx induced by either noreprinephrine or high K+, suggesting that xanthone might act as a blocker of both receptor-operated and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels.
Furthermore, they review reported that xanthone causes increase in the level of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) but not cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) content. They reported that xanthone showed inhibitory effects on cAMP phosphodiesterase. Intracellular levels of cAMP can be increased by _-adrenoceptor agonist, which increase the rate of its synthesis by adenyl cyclase (AC) or by phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors such as xanthone, which slow the rate of its degradation.
On Flavonoids, the report stated it works by inhibiting platelet-activating factor (PAF), phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phosphodiesterase (PDE).
Flavonoids protect against allergies, inflammation, free radicals and platelet aggregation. These observations support the importance of Gk in traditional medicine for the treatment of various conditions.
Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit a predilection to inhibit histamine release stimulated by IgE-dependent ligands Copper a transitional metal; most effectively block the inhibitory activity of flavonoids, possibly through a chelation mechanism. Zinc deficiencies can lead to excess copper levels, since zinc and copper compete for absorption. Also, a high intake of vitamin C and zinc decrease the absorption of copper.
Intake of Gk will therefore reduce the inhibition of antihistamine activity of flavonoids by copper which is as a result of its high content of vitamin C and zinc. Some studies noted that naturally occurring plant flavonoids affect a variety of cell activation phenomena including the secretion of histamine from human basophils. They also showed that flavonoids inhibit the degranulation of mast cells. Degranulation of mast cells would release not only histamine, but all the mediators of the allergy response.
The review reported that flavonoids exhibited anti-spasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties induced by acetylcholine, histamine, noradrenaline and barium chloride in four different smooth muscles. In addition, flavonoids are said to inhibit antigen-induced release of histamine from mast cells, basophils and also inhibit contractions induced by histamine, acetylcholine and PGEÂÂÂ2. It was noted that this effect was concentration dependent.
Flavonoids are said to inhibit phospholipids metabolism and 5- lipoxygenase (5-LO). Leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid through 5-LO and the nucleophilic attack to produce peptidoleukotrienes. These 5-LO products mediate constriction of airway smooth muscles, leukocyte chemotaxis and vascular permeability . Therefore inhibiting 5-LO can attenuate leukotriene production.
The presence of phenol in GK further indicated that it could act as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune enhancers. Phenols have been responsible in having the ability to block specific enzymes that cause inflammation. They also modify the prostaglandin pathways and thereby protect platelet from clumping.
From this review, the following could be the underlying physiological mechanisms by which Garcinia kola may be beneficial in the treatment of asthma:
Inhibition of Ca2+ influx by acting as a blocker of both receptor-operated and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Increasing the intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting the effects of phosphodiesterase.
Inhibition of histamine release stimulated by IgE dependent ligands. Inhibition of platelet-activating factor and platelet aggregation. Its high vitamin C and zinc content. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, thereby attenuating leukotriene production.
"Garcinia kola appears to be very promising in the treatment and management of asthma. There is therefore the need to further examine its various phytochemical contents on respiratory smooth muscle, with a view to possibly formulating its extracts or active constituents as medicines.".
Phytochemistry of Gk has shown its content to include benxophenones, xanthones, biflavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins and saponins.
It is usually found in the tropical rain forest region of West Africa. It prevails as a multi-purpose tree crop in the home gardens of southern Nigeria. It grows to a height of about 12 - 14m and produces reddish, yellowish or orange coloured fruit. Each fruit contains 2 to 4 yellow seeds and a sour tasting pulp. The seeds when chewed have a bitter astringent taste. The flowering of the plant occurs between December and January while the fruits mature between June and August.
Garcinia kola is highly valued because of its medicinal use. The seeds are chewed as an aphrodisiac or used to cure cough, dysentery, chest colds in herbal medicine.
The plant has also found usefulness in the treatment of stomach ache and gastritis. In fact, Professor Maurice Iwu, the chairman of INEC in a study carried out at the University of Nigeria Nsukka reported the use of the plant for the treatment of jaundice, high fever, and as purgative.
Some researchers have also reported that the administration of Gk seed extract caused an increase in testosterone production in Sprague-Dawley rates which is thought to be due to its antioxidant properties. Also, studies have confirmed the spermatogenic and tissue enhancing effect of GK extract in male Wistar rats.
They showed that Gk extract exhibits a dilatory effect on the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli thereby improves respiratory activities, which may be due to its antioxidant properties in Swiss albino mice.
Gk has been shown to inhibit smooth muscle activity. It relaxes the smooth muscles of the uterus and the intestine. Although, Gk lacks caffeine, its alkaloid and biflavonoids fractions are said to relax the smooth muscles. Gk has a bronchodilatory effect.
The seeds are used in the treatment of bronchitis and throat infections. They are also used to prevent and relieve colic, cure head or chest colds and relieve cough. Also, the plant is used for the treatment of liver disorders and as a chewing stick.
Historically, plants have provided a source of inspiration for novel drug compounds, as plant derived medicines have made large contributions to human health and well being. The seeds of Garcinia kola (Gk) forms a major part of the herbal preparation used in traditional African medicine practice for the treatment of various respiratory tract diseases including asthma.
Asthma is a very common chronic disease involving the respiration system. Episodic or chronic wheezing, cough, and feeling of tightness in the chest as a result of bronchoconstriction characterize it. The fundamental cause is still unknown despite intensive research. However, three abnormalities are present: airway obstruction that is at least partially reversible, airway inflammation, and airway hyper responsiveness to a variety of stimuli. A link to allergy has long been recognized, and plasma IgE levels are often elevated.
Public attention in the developed world has recently focused on asthma because of its rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting up to one in four urban children.
The disease is caused by a complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors that researchers do not yet fully understand.
Environmental tobacco smoke, especially maternal cigarette smoking, is associated with high risk of asthma prevalence and asthma morbidity, wheeze, and respiratory infections.
Monday, October 19, 2009
How To Manage Your Blood Pressure
How You Can Help Manage Your Blood Pressure
High Blood Pressure (BP) is a treatable condition but it can cause serious damage to your organs if left untreated.
If you have been recently diagnosed with high BP, you might be taking medication to bring the numbers down, lifestyle changes such as those listed below will help the effectiveness of your medications, and sometimes reduce the dose you require to control your Blood Pressure. Lifestyle changes are useful adjuncts to medications, and for those with a normal blood pressure, will help maintain a normal blood pressure over time. It is not advisable for you to stop your prescribed medications for lifestyle changes without the consent of your physician.
Shed the weight: Losing weight can help lower BP because BP tends to increase as weight increases. One way to achieve this is by watching what you eat and increasing your physical activity to help burn off more calories. You need a negative calorie balance, that is, burn more than you take in, to lose weight
Physical Activity and Exercise: Forty five minutes of moderate exercise such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, and so forth, three to four times a week will help improve your blood pressure and weight control.
Sleep Well: Good night sleep is important for maintaining good health. A good night sleep relaxes the body and lowers your stress levels. An additional 15 to 20 minutes nap during the day can be very refreshing. A minimum of six hours of sleep a night is recommended.
Avoid too much salt: High salt intake increases the likelihood of developing high blood pressure in predisposed individuals. It is important to keep your salt intake low. This is achieved by avoiding adding salt to food on the table. Fast foods and canned foods such as corned beef, sardine, and many food seasonings like Maggi, also contain lots of salt and should be consumed sparingly.
Limit alcohol consumption: Moderation of alcohol intake is helpful to keep blood pressure and body weight under control. Excessive alcohol intake is injurious to health. Excess alcohol refers to more than one drink a day for women and more than two for men. Note that “A drink” is one can of beer, or one glass of wine or equivalent.
High Blood Pressure (BP) is a treatable condition but it can cause serious damage to your organs if left untreated.
If you have been recently diagnosed with high BP, you might be taking medication to bring the numbers down, lifestyle changes such as those listed below will help the effectiveness of your medications, and sometimes reduce the dose you require to control your Blood Pressure. Lifestyle changes are useful adjuncts to medications, and for those with a normal blood pressure, will help maintain a normal blood pressure over time. It is not advisable for you to stop your prescribed medications for lifestyle changes without the consent of your physician.
Shed the weight: Losing weight can help lower BP because BP tends to increase as weight increases. One way to achieve this is by watching what you eat and increasing your physical activity to help burn off more calories. You need a negative calorie balance, that is, burn more than you take in, to lose weight
Physical Activity and Exercise: Forty five minutes of moderate exercise such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, and so forth, three to four times a week will help improve your blood pressure and weight control.
Sleep Well: Good night sleep is important for maintaining good health. A good night sleep relaxes the body and lowers your stress levels. An additional 15 to 20 minutes nap during the day can be very refreshing. A minimum of six hours of sleep a night is recommended.
Avoid too much salt: High salt intake increases the likelihood of developing high blood pressure in predisposed individuals. It is important to keep your salt intake low. This is achieved by avoiding adding salt to food on the table. Fast foods and canned foods such as corned beef, sardine, and many food seasonings like Maggi, also contain lots of salt and should be consumed sparingly.
Limit alcohol consumption: Moderation of alcohol intake is helpful to keep blood pressure and body weight under control. Excessive alcohol intake is injurious to health. Excess alcohol refers to more than one drink a day for women and more than two for men. Note that “A drink” is one can of beer, or one glass of wine or equivalent.
Long-Term Tea Drinking May Cut Stroke Risk
There could be good news brewing for tea drinkers: Drinking tea consistently particularly two kinds is linked to a significantly lower risk of stroke, according to a study of people in southern China.
In a study of the tea drinking habits of 838 Chinese men and women, Dr. Andy H. Lee, of Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia, and colleagues found that those who reported drinking at least one cup of tea per week for more than 30 years had a 60 per cent lower risk of ischemic stroke.
Ischemic stroke occurs when. oxygen-delivering . arteries in the brain become partially or completely blocked. It's unclear why tea would protect against stroke, but the authors of the study note that previous research has suggested that tea or its components . might reduce high blood pressure and other risk factors.
Those who drank more than two cups of tea daily had about a 40 per cent lower risk of such' strokes, and the risks were even lower in those who drank two cups daily of particular teas.
Their study in the journal Stroke links drinking green and oolong teas with 72 and 79 per cent lower risk for ischemic stroke, respectively.
"Tea is a safe and healthy beverage," Lee told Reuters Health. To obtain optimal benefits, "long-term tea drinking should be encouraged;' he said.
The people in the study had an average age of 69 years. Of these, 374 had a medically confirmed Ischemic stroke, and 464 (the "control" group) had no history of cardiovascular disease or medical conditions that placed them at increased stroke risk.
In a study of the tea drinking habits of 838 Chinese men and women, Dr. Andy H. Lee, of Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia, and colleagues found that those who reported drinking at least one cup of tea per week for more than 30 years had a 60 per cent lower risk of ischemic stroke.
Ischemic stroke occurs when. oxygen-delivering . arteries in the brain become partially or completely blocked. It's unclear why tea would protect against stroke, but the authors of the study note that previous research has suggested that tea or its components . might reduce high blood pressure and other risk factors.
Those who drank more than two cups of tea daily had about a 40 per cent lower risk of such' strokes, and the risks were even lower in those who drank two cups daily of particular teas.
Their study in the journal Stroke links drinking green and oolong teas with 72 and 79 per cent lower risk for ischemic stroke, respectively.
"Tea is a safe and healthy beverage," Lee told Reuters Health. To obtain optimal benefits, "long-term tea drinking should be encouraged;' he said.
The people in the study had an average age of 69 years. Of these, 374 had a medically confirmed Ischemic stroke, and 464 (the "control" group) had no history of cardiovascular disease or medical conditions that placed them at increased stroke risk.
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